docs: rust: quick-start: add section on Linux distributions

Now that we are starting to support several Rust compiler and `bindgen`
versions, there is a good chance some Linux distributions work out of
the box.

Thus, provide some instructions on how to set the toolchain up for a
few major Linux distributions. This simplifies the setup users need to
build the kernel.

In addition, add an introduction to the document so that it is easier
to understand its structure and move the LLVM+Rust kernel.org toolchains
paragraph there (removing "depending on the Linux version"). We may want
to reorganize the document or split it in the future, but I wanted to
focus this commit on the new information added about each particular
distribution.

Finally, remove the `rustup`'s components mention in `changes.rst` since
users do not need it if they install the toolchain via the distributions
(and anyway it was too detailed for that main document).

Cc: Jan Alexander Steffens <heftig@archlinux.org>
Cc: Johannes Löthberg <johannes@kyriasis.com>
Cc: Fabian Grünbichler <debian@fabian.gruenbichler.email>
Cc: Josh Stone <jistone@redhat.com>
Cc: Randy Barlow <randy@electronsweatshop.com>
Cc: Anna (navi) Figueiredo Gomes <navi@vlhl.dev>
Cc: Matoro Mahri <matoro_gentoo@matoro.tk>
Cc: Ryan Scheel <ryan.havvy@gmail.com>
Cc: figsoda <figsoda@pm.me>
Cc: Jörg Thalheim <joerg@thalheim.io>
Cc: Theodore Ni <43ngvg@masqt.com>
Cc: Winter <nixos@winter.cafe>
Cc: William Brown <wbrown@suse.de>
Cc: Xiaoguang Wang <xiaoguang.wang@suse.com>
Cc: Andrea Righi <andrea.righi@canonical.com>
Cc: Zixing Liu <zixing.liu@canonical.com>
Cc: Nathan Chancellor <nathan@kernel.org>
Tested-by: Benno Lossin <benno.lossin@proton.me>
Tested-by: Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@samsung.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240709160615.998336-14-ojeda@kernel.org


Signed-off-by: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>