rust: alloc: vec: Add some try_* methods we need

Add some missing fallible methods that we need.

They are all marked as:

    #[stable(feature = "kernel", since = "1.0.0")]

for easy identification.

Lina: Extracted from commit 487d7578bd03 ("rust: alloc: add some `try_*`
methods we need") in rust-for-linux/rust.

Signed-off-by: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Asahi Lina <lina@asahilina.net>
Link: https://github.com/Rust-for-Linux/linux/commit/487d7578bd03
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230224-rust-vec-v1-4-733b5b5a57c5@asahilina.net


[ Match the non-fallible methods from version 1.62.0, since those
  in commit 487d7578bd03 were written for 1.54.0-beta.1. ]
Signed-off-by: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>